Legal articles

The same articles as the Turkish library, written in English. Each one stays tied to a practice area. A translated article is the one to open. Where the English text is not published yet, the Turkish original remains the source.

• How Is a Pledge of Shares Created in a Joint-Stock Company?

  A share pledge does not pass ownership. In a named share it is entered in the share register. The contract and the register entry are read on separate lines.

• How Does a Current-Account Contract Show the Receivable?

  A current-account receivable appears in the struck balance. One statement line and one invoice are separate items. The day of closing is not fixed here.

• Is an Agency Agreement a Franchise?

  An agent continuously brokers or concludes contracts. That relationship is distinct from a franchise of a system and signs. Fee and term are not frozen here.

• Is Annulment of a Board Resolution a General Meeting?

  A board resolution is not a general-meeting resolution. Annulment looks at the meeting minute. The board minute is read for nullity, not as that action.

• What Does Appointing a Special Auditor Do?

  A special auditor is appointed to examine one particular event. The request is separate from the independent-audit threshold. No share percentage is written.

• Where Is an Action against a Competition Board Fine Brought?

  An action against a competition fine is an action for annulment. The amount is read from the decision and the period from service. No chamber number is written.

• How Is Expulsion from a Limited Company Asked For?

  Expulsion from a limited company asks to end partner status. Dismissal of a manager and annulment of the meeting are separate. No voting rate is written.

• Is Liquidation of a Company the Same Thing as Bankruptcy?

  A company's own liquidation is not bankruptcy. The register notice and the dissolution decision are read apart. The number of announcements is not frozen.

• How Is a Capital Increase Processed in a Limited Company?

  A limited-company capital increase runs by resolution and registration. The minutes and the register entry are separate documents. No minimum figure is stated.

• Where Is the Duty of Independent Audit Read From?

  The statutory audit threshold is read from the published decision. A lira figure is not fixed here. Appointing a special auditor is not a copy of that duty.

• Are Unfair Competition and a Competition-Law Infringement the Same Action?

  Unfair competition and a competition-law infringement are not the same action. A court petition and an application to the Board are read as separate doors.

• In Which Dispute Can Commercial Books Be Evidence?

  A lawfully kept commercial book may be evidence, and it is not the judgment. The audit threshold is not a figure. Form and the other papers are read together.

• How Is the Director of a Limited Company Removed?

  A limited-company director is removed by a general meeting. Removal does not close the company or erase a share. Minutes and articles are read together.

• How Is a Resolution Kept in a Single-Shareholder Limited Company?

  In a sole-shareholder company the resolution is put in writing. Oral minutes are not promised. The text, the share ledger and the articles are read together.

• What Does a Share Transfer in a Joint-Stock Company Depend On?

  Share transfer depends on the type of share and the articles. A limited company's approval habit is not carried across. No bearer day is frozen here.

• Where Does a Company Manager's Personal Liability Arise?

  Company debt stays with the company as a rule. The manager is not personally liable on every invoice. Fault or an express statutory rule is read from the file.

• What Is Read When a Franchise Contract Breaks Down?

  A franchise has no statute of its own. It follows the law of obligations and, if commercial, the Commercial Code. Termination is not built without the text.

• How Is a Complaint to the Competition Board Read?

  A complaint to the Competition Board is read under Law No. 4054. It is not an unfair-competition action. No fine percentage is written in this note.

• How Is Annulment of a General Assembly Resolution Sought?

  Annulment of a general assembly resolution is sought from the court against the minutes. The period is not a number in this text, and no lawsuit day is frozen.

• How Is a Share Assigned in a Limited Company?

  A limited-company share transfer depends on form and the share-ledger entry. A gap in the ledger does not fill the form. Approval is read from the written text.